Ukuphathwa kwezinzizakuphila zemvelo

Ulwazi lwendabuko lusize ekuxazululeni impicabadala yohambo luka-Franklin lwe-Arctic, olungabanga luhle © WikiCommons

Ukwengamela iyonandlela umphakathi ozisingatha ngayo izindaba zawo. Ukwengamela akusibona nje ubuholi obushaya imithetho ebantwini. Ngaphandle kokubusa okungaphikiswa, ukwengamela kudinga ukubonisana nokuvumelana, okumele kube nesisekelo solwazi olususelwe kwisayensi noma kwispiliyoni. ’Ulwazi lwendabuko’ ludlondlobala ngokufunda nangokuqaphela imvelo isikhathi eside bese lololwazi luphendulwe, ngabantu asebephathe izindawo zemvelo iminyaka eminingi, bephethe ngozwelo nangokulalela iziphakamiso zabantu, bese kuthi lonke lololwazi lwenziwe isisekelo sokwengamela. Lolu lwazi oluphelele kunzima ukuba luphinde lwenziwe kalula nje kwenye indawo, ngakho-ke luyinsiza ebaluleke kakhulu.’Isayensi Yesimanjemanje’ eqhathanisa ucwaningo olwenziwe ezindaweni ezahlukene iphinde futhi yenze nezivivinyo, ikwazi ukuthola ubufakazi ngokushesha nokuyinto ebalulekile ezikhathini zoshintsho. Ukuphatha okuhambelana nesimanjemanje, kungasiza ekwaziseni izinqumo ngokufunda ezintweni eziwusizo kanjalo futhi nangokufunda ezintweni ezingelona usizo, uma konke loku kwenziwa ngendlela ehlelekile.

Izinyoni zasolwandle ziba sengozini yokushabalala ngenxa yokungcola, ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu, ukudoba okweqile emazingeni kanye nokubanjwa kwezinhlanzi ngokungenhloso

I-IUCN inenqubo eyamukeleke umhlaba wonke jikelele yokuchaza isimo sezinto eziphilayo ngobukhulu bemihlambi kanye namazinga okuncipha kwayo imihlambi leyo. Uma bungekho ubufakazi obuthembekile bokuncipha komhlambi wento ephilayo, noma okuncike emininingwaneni emihle, leyonto iba sohlwini lwe-'Least Concern', kanti uma umhlambi wamalungu amadala ento ephilayo ehla ngo-half uma kuqhathaniswa nesikhathi sokuphila kwayo (ezinyonini uma kungakapheli iminyaka engamashumi amabili) leyonto ibasohlwini lwe-'Endangered' (phecelezi, 'Isengozini yokushabalala'). Uma zitholakala izindlela zokuhlehlisa izimbangela zokuncipha komhlambi waleyonto ephilayo, imihlambi yazo zonke izinto eziphilayo ngaphandle kweyezinto ezinkulu kunazo zonke, ingadlondlobala ngokuphindwe kabili futhi iphinde yande ngokushesha. Zimbili izindlela esezitholwe yiziphathimandla ukuhlehlisa ukuncipha kwemihlambi yezinto eziphilayo: ukujezisa kanye nokuklomelisa ngemivuzo.

Ukuvikela nokujezisa

Ezophenyo nge-DNA, zakudala zazidinga igazi, kepha namhlanje sebedinga amasampula amancane nje kuphela © Anatrack Ltd

I-IUCN nayo futhi inalo uhla lwezindawo zokongiwa kwemvelo, kusukela ezindaweni lapho izinto eziningi ezenziwa ngabantu zivumelekile kuye kuyofika ezindaweni lapho ukungena ngezokuvakasha kulawulwa khona. Kanjalo nokuvikelwa kwezinto eziphilayo nako kunamazinga ehlukahlukene, kusukela kuleyo mithetho ebekwa ngezikhathi izilwane zizalana kuye kuleyo enqaba ukubulawa kwezilwane ngokungakhethi; izintshisekelo 'zamalungelo ezilwane' zizezifune nokuvimbela noma yikuphi ukugcinwa kwezilwane. Imithetho yokuvikela iyaye iphumelele uma abantu behambisana nayo kanti futhi uma nokwephulwa kwemithetho kusheshe kubonakale, umzekelo njengokucubungula nge-DNA forensics. Ukuvikela imvelo kuthanda ukungabi namiphumela emihle uma izinto eziphilayo zizodala umonakalo omkhulu kwizakhamuzi, ikakhulukazi uma ukwephulwa komthetho kufihleka kalula. Imikhawulo nezijeziso ze-Draconia, ezingavimbeli izephulamthetho uma ingozi yokubanjwa iphansi, zingadala ukucwaseka kwemiphakathi yendawo.

Imivuzo nokuvuselelwa kwemvelo

Imizamo yokunikezwa kwezitifiketi zezimila zasendle ngu FairWild © Traditional Medicinals Inc

Lapho izilwane zibawuhlupho, ukuvumela ubuholi obuthize kuletha ukwesekwa wumphakathi. Ukuphatha kanye nokuvuselela imvelo kudinga ukuzinikela komphakathi isikhathi eside. Imithetho ayikwazi ukuphoqa abantu ukuba bazinikele ngendlela efanele kanti futhi ukuncishwa amandla kwabaphathi kuyakuthikameza ukuzinikela. Kodwa-ke, uma izilwane zasendle ziwumnotho, futhi zisetshenziswe ngendlela esimeme ukuhlangabezana nezidingo nezifiso zesizukulwane samanje kanjalo nesizukulwane esizayo, imiphakathi ingayibhekelela imvelo ngaphandle ke uma ukubiya kanye nezolimo zikhokhela kanconywana. Mayelana nokulondolozwa kwezilwane eziyinkinga, imivuzo isebenza kancono kunobeka izibopho eziphaqayo. Ukuthola inyama nokuthengisa amalungelo okuzingela kungaba wumvuzo ophusile njengoba kunjalo nangokubuka izilwane zasendle lapho ezokuvakasha zingenisa umnotho ngaphandle kokulimaza imvelo. Eminye imivuzo yokongiwa kwemvelo kuba wuxhaso lukahulumeni lokuphatha umhlaba ngokubambisana naye uhulemi, emhlabeni ongesiwo okahulumeni. Kuhle futhi ukusebenzisa imikhiqizo yemvelo ngokusemthethweni noma kube nezifitiketi ezibonisa i-Convention on Biological Diversity, iphinde ibalule ukusetshenziswa kwemvelo okusimeme okuphindwe kahlanu kunenzuzo etholakala ngokuyivikela nje kuphela imvelo.

Ukuphatha okuhambelana nokushintshashinstha kwesimo

Ukwengamela okuhle kuyaguquguquka ukuze kuhambisane nesimo kanye nezinguquko ezisuke zenzeka ngalesosikhathi. Isibonelo, isilwane noma isimila esixhaphakele ukuba singasetshenziswa ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuthi singahle sishabalale, uma sekwenzaka ke sibe sengcupheni yokushabalala sesidinga ukuba sivikelwe, kuze kufike isikhathi lapho ukwanda kwaso sekusimeme, ukuze izinsizakuphila ezixhumekeke kuso ngokusetshenziswa kwaso okusimeme zisetshenziswe njengezincomo zokuvikela indawo yasendle lapho sitholakala khona. Abantu bakwezinye izindawo bangaphikisana nokuphinde sisetshenziswe lesosilwane noma isimila, uma sesaba wuphawu lokuvikela imvelo noma uphawu lokuheha ezokuvakasha, noma mhlambe ukwandiswa kwaso ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zokusandisa sekungenisa imali. Kungenzeka kube nezidingo zemikhawulo kanye nemininingwane yokuqapha abantu basendaweni abangahle bangakwazi ukuhlangabezana nayo ngaphandle kosizo. Yize noma kunjalo, labo abakwazisayo ukongiwa kwemvelo baphinde babhekelele imihlaba abaphila kuyo yibo kanye abanamandla nekhono lokugcina imvelo ‘yabo’, uma beboniswa ngokucophelela, kunalabo abafisa nje ukuvikela izilwane zasendle zabanye abantu. Ngakho ke, ukwengamela okuhle kufaka ukwakhiwa kwemithetho ekhuthaza noma eqhakambisa ukongiwa kwemvelo ngokwenza okuhle futhi iphinde inike abantu basendaweni amathuba okuhlomula ngendlela esimeme. UMkhandlu waseYurophu usuthathe ama-charter asebenzisa lezi zimiso; Isivumelwano Sokulondolozwa Kwezilwane Ezifudukayo sesisebenzise uhlelo lwaso lwe-Raptors Memorandum of Understanding.